Discover what a log-normal distribution is, its financial applications, and how to calculate it, including using Excel for practical financial analysis.

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The normal curve is plotted against the same actual return data in the graph above. The variance-covariance is similar to the historical method except it uses a familiar curve instead of actual data.

Scientists have calculated the odds of a catastrophic asteroid impact compared to other causes of death—to surprising results.

The Centre for Multilevel Modelling (CMM) is a research centre based at the University of Bristol. Our researchers are drawn from the School of Education. We collaborate with a range of researchers in ...